Preschool Education free essay sample

Analyzes the upsides and downsides. Talks about the short and long haul impacts on kids, the job of guardians and instructor, financial aspects and models. The age at which formal tutoring should start has been a subject of proceeding with banter. One side of the discussion says that longitudinal examination demonstrates the advantage of preschool instruction, while the opposite side battles that early training serves the childcare needs of grown-ups more than it does the necessities of kids. This paper will look at the two sides of the discussion from the abovementioned, and a few other, points. Young preparation keeps on being at the bleeding edge of instructive discussion on the grounds that the quantity of small kids in preschool has consistently expanded in the course of recent years and is relied upon to keep on rising (DelCampo, 1995, p. 198). From one viewpoint, youngsters have a natural interest and appreciate playing with other kids since the beginning. This reality demonstrates that preschool participation is advantageous; then again, be that as it may

Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Article Example Investigation Different individuals have various inclinations when they pick an inn to go through a night or eat a supper. A portion of these characteristics are impacted by value, area, administration and reasonableness. Additionally, aside from decision of lodging, individuals travel to various goals dependent on various reasons. Accordingly, the inn business has been influenced incredibly by various factors, for example, the travel industry or occasions like games. We will see business travel and sports the travel industry as examined by two diverse scholastic diaries. Business Travel: Business explorers are one the biggest fragments of individuals who drive the inn business. The vast majority of these voyagers lean toward expressing at mid-level lodgings and some select incline toward lavish inns for their boss help. Therefore, inns situated in the mid-level portion are known to offer administrations to client dependent on specific characteristics. Some to the characteristics inc orporate reasonable costs, rewards plan and great assistance (Swarbrooke,â 2012). During the ongoing monetary downturn that influenced a ton of businesses and areas, the inn business was likewise extraordinarily influenced (Bowen, 2009, pp. 32-37). Subsequently, numerous lodging networks, for example, the Marriot International inns deliberately made it feasible for their mid level inns to situate themselves in pulling in business voyagers. Mid-level inns have divided their business so that it takes into account individuals to appreciate long remain at the lodging with various administrations being offered (Kandampully, 2007, pp. 63). Thus, many individuals appreciate courtesies, for example, quick web, meeting rooms and breakfast contributions that would charm business voyagers to such lodgings (Knutson, 2009, pp. 38). Lodgings like the Cairo Marriot inn and the Marriot Mumbai International Airport inns are instances of inns which are assembled intentionally for taking into account the necessities of business explorers. The Marriot lodging network is a case of an inn network that has culminated the craft of drawing in business explorers. The lodging network has done this through contribution a devotion program that objectives steady and steadfast clients. The reliability program permits faithful clients to win focuses which give them a chance of getting limits and lodging bundles dissimilar to different clients (Davidson,â 2008). Sports Tourism: this is the most current wonders in the realm of movement and in the lodging business because of the quantity of individuals who travel. Accordingly, there are many individuals who travel to various games with the expectation and point of taking care of these occasions. Occasions, for example, the World Cup, Summer Games, UEFA Champions League and other games draw in a great deal of fans and athletes or ladies who visit these occasions make another sort of the travel industry that helps the inn business (Knutson, 200 9, pp. 36). Thus, a ton of lodgings offer administrations, for example, quality help, for example, great food and feel that permits a fan or sports individual to utilize inn courtesies in case of going to the game (Pritchard, 2003, pp 64-65). A few inns offer administrations, for example, guided visits to arenas, great rec centers and preparing offices for sport explorers. A few inns likewise offer mystery and eliteness that is required by sport individuals who need a great deal avoidance to prepare and focus on their games. Another contribution that is utilized by lodgings is area as far as closeness to sports settings and

Accounting Theory Flagship Company

Question: Talk about theAccounting Theory for Flagship Company. Answer: Presentation The leader organization and the pleased with German work culture in the portion of car industry, Volkswagen had confronted the most noticeably awful hit during its long 78 years residency of assembling of vehicles as vehicles. The organization had confronted it in 2014 which represented the most noticeably terrible dangers to the presence of the organization by culture while they were distinguished of with the infringement of outflow of green gas from their vehicles at US. This episode has direct effect on the companys self regarded personality of exceptional certainty and pioneer of the market. The unusual indications of the results of the organization had been first found by a non-benefit association named International Council on Clean Transportation however a similar quandary was existed since long, even since decades. This had not been uncovered by the authority of the organization to defuse the trial of discharge. The test, when made, had been flopped grievously to consent the US clean air gauges according to the parameter fixed by the power. After discovery of the equivalent, the equivalent had been taken to the notification of the organization the board yet none had acknowledged the attention to the realities. At last the issue had been told through an update to Mr. Winterkorn, the CEO of Volkswagen of that time which was with the substance of the anomalies of the outflow of the vehicles in 2014, yet the organization had not listened attentively to this reality and hesitantly demanded the old act of assembling of vehicles with the thrashing gadgets till the remainder of the time of 2014. In the period of June, 2014, the German examiners had proclaimed that Mr. Wintrekorn had been put under cautiousness with the end goal of examination of an inappropriate practices received by the organization to make and spot their vehicles in the market and had not started any means to report that the organization was confronting the request identifying with this outra ge. Simultaneously, a common protest had likewise been stopped at New York by the lawyer general against Mr. Matthias Muller; the present CEO of the organization in regards to this embarrassment and with this, the degree of examination had contacted the most significant level of Volkswagen the board (GUILBERT GATES, 2016). Body Conceivable bookkeeping issues to be looked by Volkswagen According to the writing of Parker, Guthrie Linacre, 2011, accentuated in the subject of effect of bookkeeping framework on corporate exercises with the estimation of its inspiration or cynicism watched the progressions of change can make certain impacts from smaller scale changes in the attitudinal methodology and the particular practices associated with the particular changes in the zone of obsession of arrangement. These progressions may occur in the area of Corporate Social Responsibility of that organization or found in the parts of conduct or demeanor in the standpoint driven by demonstrable skill to protect the enthusiasm of partners in regard of balance or diversity(Parker, 2011). This particular occurrence had been named as thrashing gadget of Volkswagen and it might make sway in the issues identified with bookkeeping of the organization while considering the recharging of the harms is worried alongside the valuation of elusive resource as altruism of the organization. There are other direct effects as costs to be brought about by the organization to fix and keeping up of the vehicles with rout gadget causing the emanation outrage with other corresponding advances like repurchase choice and money installment to renew the harms which had been added up as much as $ 14.07 billion to various partners like Environmental Protection Agency, to name one of them(EWING, 2013). Job of Stakeholders The partners assume a significant job for maintaining the business. The partners are of tow types, interior and outer. Inner partners are the workers of the organization while the outer partners involves the gracefully chain partners, clients, the legislature and every single other personality which are associated to this organization. Volkswagen has a major scope of partners the administration of whom is with enhanced partners association which underwrites its item and administrations to meet the desire for them to include an incentive with the greater region of connection between the organization and the partners. There are outer partners in the types of investigators, financial specialists gifts, clients, neighbors, contenders, providers, business partners, open specialists and non legislative associations (Volkswagen, 2013). To talk about the manner in which the partners got influenced, we need to understand the various partners and their job in the organization and afterward just we will have the option to see how they will be influenced. The interior partners like representatives would confront the effect of being dampened with the episode which really brought up issue on the trustworthiness of the organization with its strategy. The outside partners like the investigators will discover the effect on the money related part of the organization and break down them with pre and post facto the episode. They will determine the outcome how the organization got influenced with the disaster in the offer market and with their budgetary reports. The worldwide client base will free their certainty and trust on the organization and its items and bit by bit leave the brand. The gracefully chain partners are progressively worried about the bundle of auxiliary businesses joined to this organization. In nutshell the organization and its partners will free the subjugation which was there since 78 years of origin. Rationale of Volkswagen The administration knew this outrage since long yet they had not responded by taking the therapeutic estimates since they were feeling the squeeze to play out their deals as the organization had made showcasing drive in the US for the vehicles made by Volkswagen to create ideal degree of turnover with ensuing income and benefit. (Hotten, 2015) Bookkeeping Theories of Volkswagen The disaster of annihilation gadget by Volkswagen had no immediate contact with the bookkeeping standard since this is the choice of the creation the board. Be that as it may, the bookkeeping expert of the organization cannot deny their job in this viewpoint as they should feature the issue to the partners in regards to the procedure the board of the disaster alongside the ramifications of monetary perspectives to make them empower about the future activity in such manner. The bookkeeping speculations known as IFRS, Rookies had the option to build up the International Accounting Standard IAS 37. This is dynamic in the space of arrangement making, production of unforeseen liabilities, and resources. This bookkeeping hypothesis is end up being instrumental to help Volkswagen to characterize its outrage by deciding its misfortunes which needs ensuing arrangements from the stores they need to make to battle the issue in the viewpoint of money related bookkeeping of Volkswagen. (IFRS, 2016). Steps to be Taken by Volkswagen According to IFRS Rookies IAS 37, the accompanying advances are to be taken by the administration: Recognizing the monetary occasion Advising the equivalent to the partners Foreseeing the effect of the occasion Recognizing the budgetary ideas to battle this occasion. Talk about the improvement of the issue Assurance of the non-arrangement of the idea with standards Infer the base revelation (IFRS, 2016). Thoroughly analyze of Accounting Theories There are two sorts of techniques on which the bookkeeping speculations are made-deductive and inductive strategies. The deductive techniques begins from use of bookkeeping standards and arrive at the result which is by all accounts coherent while inductive hypothesis begins from discoveries and estimation to have the finish of summed up result. For this situation, the utilization of inductive technique ought to be applied which wills tart from the determined misfortune and afterward find a way to make the partners comfortable.(scribd, 2015) Hypothesis and Practice Hypothesis and Practice The hypothesis is being tried through three diverse procedure for its appropriateness stubborn, self proof and logical. Out of these three, the logical methodology will be th best alternative to legitimize the bookkeeping hypothesis by applying IAS 37 of IFRS Rookies as it gives the structure of logical foundation, so it very well may be considered as the most pertinent hypothesis. (scribd, 2015). End The occurrence of the Volkswagen embarrassment had placed the organization in a significant level of mortification of its corporate status is concerned. The organization ahs to reestablish the old status to bring the partners trust and certainty through the utilization of legitimate bookkeeping hypothesis which is appropriate to coordinate the need of the organization with fruitful ramifications of the equivalent. References EWING, H. T. (2013). Volkswagen to Pay $14.7 Billion to Settle Diesel Claims in U.S. The New York Times . Guilbert Gates, J. E. (2016). Clarifying Volkswagens Emissions Scandal. The New York Times . Hotten, R. (2015). Volkswagen: The outrage clarified. Recovered September 15, 2016 IFRS. (2016). Our Teaching Philosphy. Recovered September 15, 2016, from https://www.ifrsrookies.com/instructing philosophy.html Parker, G. . (2011). Representing Impact?: Accounting research drawing in with business, practice and the calling. CPAC , 7. scribd. (2015). Prologue to Accounting Theory. Recovered September 15, 2016, from https://www.scribd.com/doc/19010247/Accounting-speculations and-practices Volkswagen. (2013). sustainabilityreport2013. Recovered September 15, 2016, from https://sustainabilityreport2013.volkswagenag.com/procedure/partner the board

American History 1877 Cattle Industry Development - 825 Words

American History after 1877: The Cattle Industry Development and Its Success (Research Paper Sample) Content: American History after 1877:The Cattle Industry Development and Its SuccessStudents NameCollege AffiliateAmerican History after 1877: The Cattle Industry Development and Its SuccessThe approach of starting the cattle industry was put into consideration in the United States back in the 1880s. Cattle were transported from the South to the central states town centers by rail for slaughter and processing. The purpose of the paper is to state the reasons for the development of the cattle industry and find when and where the approach took place in the United States. Furthermore, the paper will describe the function of cowboys by demonstrating issues related to them, show how the cattle frontier was violent, and find causes for the decline of the cattle development and work initiated by the cowboys. The Functions of Cowboys In the United States, cowboys were majorly of Scottish, English, Native American, and African descent. To be identified as a cowboy, individuals used to wear a hat with a wide brim meant to offer protection from the sunlight. There was also the bandanna over the lower half of a cowboys face to protect him from the clouds of dust coming from the cattle. Lastly, the American cowboy wore leggings and high boots meant to protect him from briars and cactus needles while working with the heard. The presence of cowboys in the United States presupposed moving the cattle from one area to another and protecting them during the night (Schwartz, 2012).Cowboys were paid $25-$40 monthly. The payment entailed inclusion of a place for accommodation, and it was as a source of motivation for them to work hard. Additionally, the function of cowboys was to protect the cattle entrusted to them. Cowboys were able to take care of as many as 300 cattle, which was an indication that the work assigned to them was difficult. Thus, cowboys were relevant because they contributed towards the achievement of the development of the cattle industry in the United St ates (Schwartz, 2012).The Cattle FrontierThe cattle frontier was violent to such an extent that it led to the decline of the amount of cattle and the introduction of barbed wire. The violation came about because of the increase of overgrazing and the destruction of fragile plan grasses. There was a competition for grazing lands between sheep rangers and cow rangers. The competition was also related to water, and sheep often ate grass close to the ground, which meant that cows starved (Henretta, Edwards, Self, 2012). The bitterness led to the collusion between farmers, cow rangers, and sheep rangers, and as a result, they began fencing their lands (Hobson, 2012). Furthermore, two harsh winters and two dry summers influenced the amount of cattle herds negatively. As the result of bad weather conditions, from 80% to 90% of cattle died. Therefore, such violent events had contributed to the cattle frontier. The Decline of the Cattle Industry The decline of the cattle industry in the Un ited States took place because markets had vanished, and ranchers were left holding several million heads of cattle. There was also the transition from beef to pork in the United States that also led to the decline of cattle industry in the United States. Pasture grew thinner as well, which ultimately led to the decline of cattle development as well. The absence of pasture meant that cows could not be fed and, hence, there was no need to keep cattle in the United States. The lack of pastures led to the decrease in cattle weight (Schwartz, 2012). Thus, the decline of cattle industry in the United States was influenced by different factors that led to the collapse of the cattle business as a whole. Additionally, there was the introduction of barbed wire that fenced off the cattle trails to permit the farmers plant their crops. The development of agriculture meant that cows had to be kept out of farms to permit plants growth. The issues associated with agriculture were encouraged, and as a result, more farmers took the initiative to invest in barbed wires to keep the cows and cowboys out of their farms. As a outcome of such decisions, many cattle industries in the United States ended up being disbanded and closed (Henretta et al., 2012). In some states such as Texas, for example, laws were also passed to ensure cattle were banned because of modernization. Furthermore, the cos...

Study Of Post Traumatic Stress - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 22 Words: 6539 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Psychology Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Stress is not what happens to us. Its our response to what happens and response is something we can choose. Maureen Killoran Road traffic accidents are global problems affecting all sections of the society. In India about 250 people die everyday which is equivalent to plane crash having no survivors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study Of Post Traumatic Stress" essay for you Create order In 2007, the number of motor vehicle accidents in main metropolitan cities of India were 89,826 and number of persons injured were 57,713. The highest number of people died in road traffic accidents in India till date on 2007 was 1,14,540.(Vidya Venkat,2007) The global annual cost of RTA is almost 230 billion dollars. 1.2 million people die every year due to Road Traffic Accidents. Every day, there are 3300 deaths and 6600 serious injuries on the road in the world. Trauma related death occurs in India every 1.9 minutes,1.27 million people in India sustain serious injuries, 1,20,000 people die on the road every year. A majority of major accident survivors are either confined to bed or wheel chair bound due to brain injury or spinal cord injury or being in psychiatric stress.(www.medindia.net,2010,May 07). Despite the improvement in road condition, vehicle safety and driver education over 3 million persons are injured in motor vehicle accident each year. Many of these persons dev elop post traumatic stress disorder that can become chronic. Patient typically experience distress related to the alteration in their physical and emotional health status, changes in their level of daily functioning and decreased social support or the loss of significant others.( Brunner 2004) Most survivors of trauma, especially those with adequate coping mechanisms can adjust to the incident and having no lingering effects However, some persons have stress reactions that do not abate and may worsen overtime. These reactions can develop into post traumatic stress disorder, which may be severe enough to have significant impact as their daily life as well as that of their spouses, family and significant others. It has demonstrated that witnessing is sufficiently stressful to cause post traumatic stress disorder. Any trauma, especially, when prolonged or repeated, may convert ordinary adaptive response of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"flight or fright into pathologic reaction.(Allen 2005) à ¢ â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"Silent Killer is the best term applicable for stress. The meaning of post traumatic stress disorder is to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Press tight. It became known in the 70s due to adjustment problems of some vietnam veterans. It has been known by the other name such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"shell shock in world war I, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Battle fatigue in world war II. Post Traumatic stress Disorder(PTSD) was first listed as a diagnostic category by the American Psychiatric Association in 1980. It can affect both children and adult, on various causes. (www.medicinenet.com,2010 ,June06) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that occur after a person has experienced or witnessed life threatening events such as military combat, natural disaster, terrorist incidents, serious motor accidents or violent personal assaults. It can be acute (2 weeks-3months), chronic(3 months and longer) or delayed (after 6 months). Person perceive, experienced event as traumatic, night mare s of event, inability to recall an important event, exaggerated started response, hyper arousal and hyper vigilant.(National centre for PTSD, 2006) Following a traumatic event, almost every one experiences at least some of the symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder can arise suddenly gradually or come and go overtime. Everyone experiences Post Traumatic Stress Disorder differently , there are three main types of symptoms: Re-experiencing the traumatic event: Intrussive upsetting memories of the event, Flashbacks, Night mares, Feeling of intense distress when reminded of trauma and Intense physical reactions to reminders of the event (pounding heart, rapid breathing, nausea, sweating) Avoidence and emotional numbing: Avoiding activities; places; thoughts or feelings that remind of trauma, Inability to remember important aspects of trauma, Loss of interest in activities and life in general, Feeling detached from others and emotion ally numb and Sense of a limited future. Hyper arousal: Difficulty falling or staying asleep, Irritability or outbursts of anger, Difficulty concentrating, Hyper vigilance (on constant red alert) and Feeling jumpy and easily startled. Other common symptoms: Anger and irritability, Substance abuse, Suicidal thoughts and Feelings of mistrust and betrayal.(National center for PTSD, 2006) There are good treatments available for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder . Cognitive Behavioural therapy (CBT) is one type of counseling. It appears to be most effective type of counseling for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder .In cognitive therapy, therapist helps the person to understand and thought about trauma and its aftermath. Cognitive behavioural therapy includes four individual sessions involving psycho education, muscle relaxation training, imaginal exposure and invivo exposure and finally cognitive restructuring. Each sessions may last from 30 to 75 minutes. CBT begins with education about the problems and how the treatment can help. Patient will learn about the specific symptoms and experiences. After becoming more aware of thought and beliefs, patient will learn about the common changes in beliefs that occur after going through trauma. Psychotherapy provide ways to cope with intense feelings about the past, and raise self esteem. Family therapy is provided involving whole family, which cope with tough emotions and maintain good relationships.(National center for PTSD, 2007) For trauma patients, psycho education helps to use of healthy coping strategies such as relaxation and mobilization of social support, about physiological basis for psychological phenomena such as mood instability, flash backs, memory problems, depression and allows them to see these as symptoms and not as personal failings.(Wessley et al 2008) Bisson, Mifarlane and Rose(2005) stated that psycho education is a way of providing traumatized individuals with a psychological map to understand thei r reactions. These may be adjuncts to other interventions, given in the review large from provision of brochures and face to face sessions. Elizabeth Scott (2005) stated that progressive muscle relaxation is a great technique for reducing overall body tension and stress by alternatively tensing and relaxing the muscles. With practice, the participant learns to completely release the body within seconds and keep from storing up tension and stress in the body. The goal of relaxation training is to produce a response that counters the stress response when this goal is achieved the action of hypothalamus adjusts and decreases the activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Progressive muscle relaxation entails physical and mental components involves the tensing and relaxing of muscle groups in sequential pattern. Tensing and relaxing various muscle groups throughout the body produces deep state of relaxation which found capable of relieving a variety of conditions, from high blood pressure to ulcerative colitis. The mental component focuses on the difference between the feelings of tension and relaxation. Thus, with practice patient learns how to effectively relax and deter stress when it becomes an unhealthy level.(www.wikipedia.com, 2010, Nov28) According to Neeraja (2008) the role of nurse for post traumatic stress disorder should be empathetic, sincere honest, trustworthy with effective communication skills and interaction skills. Directing the client in psycho education process allow the client to ventilate his feelings outwardly, motivate to discuss job and methods (plan of activities) to attain it, enhance the functioning levels, independence level of achievement. Promote clients interaction with group members and family members to enhance coping strategies. Assist client to divert mind from traumatic memory to useful activities. Train up the client in deep breathing exercises, relaxation excercises, healthy lifestyle.So educating t he client is the utilization of alternative coping strategies to come out from post traumatic stress disorder. Significance and Need for the Study Even to much sunshine can be devasting, while only with rain can growth occur. Accept both as part of the growing process in the garden of life. Donald S. Neviaser Every day, there are 3300 deaths and 6600 serious injuries on the road in the world. Trauma related death occurs in India sustain serious injuries. 1,20,000 people die on the road every year. (www.medindia.com, 2010,June 4) A motor vehicle is a human made calamity. It angers and it raises question of blame. It can turn survivors into while knuckled drivers who live in fear of another accident. Accident phobia and post traumatic stress disorder frequently disabling. (Klaus Kuch et al;2006) The National centre for PTSD(2006) has described that the Post Traumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder that occurs after a person has experienced or witnessed life threatening events such as military, combat, natural disaster, terrorist incidents, serious motor accidents in violent personal assaults. The development of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder may be delayed from 1 week to 3 years and it is divided in to two stages. Stage 1 is associated with an adrenergic surge that occurs ac utely, but persons rarely dwell long-term on the incident. It may last up to 1 month .Stage 2 is that if symptoms lasts for more than 6 weeks. The patient is considered to have entered stage characterized by sense of helplessness and loss of self control. Autonomic and somatic manifestations dominate in their stage moreover, It is accompanied by lifestyle personality changes. Post traumatic stress disorder is believed to be caused by either physical trauma or psychological trauma, or more frequently a combination of both. Post traumatic stress disorder symptoms may result when a traumatic event causes an overactive adrenaline response, which creates deep neurological patterns in the brain. Three areas of the brain whose function may be altered in Post traumatic stress disorder have been identified: the prefrontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) have been proven to be an effective treatment for Post traumatic stress disorder , and is currently considered the standard of care for Post traumatic stress disorder by the United States Department of Defense(www.wikipedia.com.2010,Nov 25). Post traumatic stress disorder is assumed to be an equivalent syndrome regardless of the type of traumatic event. When comparing the clinical profiles among civilian trauma: sexual assault, motor vehicle accident, and sudden loss of loved one;it may differ in trauma types which may lead to unique variants of the post traumatic stress disorder ,which may result from different etiological factors. So it may require different treatment approaches.(Kelley et al;2009) According to Maria Pease(2011)the prognosis for Post traumatic stress disorder depends upon the severity and length of time a person has suffered from the disorder. The majority of patients with Post traumatic stress disorder respond to psychotherapy. There are often residual symptoms, however, and we cannot yet predict who will respond best. There are significant risks to a pe rson with Post traumatic stress disorder if they do not receive treatment. They may stay in a hyper aroused state, further damaging their brain. They may lose their job and/or family due to their irritability. Suicide is also a risk with untreated Post traumatic stress disorder. Moddern (2004) stated that cognitive behavioural therapy including sessions of psycho education, relaxation training, exposure therapy and cognitive restructuring is an effective treatment of choice for clients with post traumatic stress disorder. Benham (2005) stated that psycho education is crucial in the initial safe and stabilization stage because this is when problems related to trauma history are identified, expectations for future treatment are defined and coping skills that are necessary for delaying with painful memories or changing risky behavior are taught. Phoenix(2007) stated that the goal of psycho education in the aftermath of traumatic event are to help people understand the range of normal responses to such events, use coping strategies, and identify responses that warrant more intensive intervention. Relaxation therapies include a range of techniques such as autogenic training, deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation. The goal of progressive muscle relaxation is overall relaxation and stress reduction. Practice can produce a set of physiologic changes mat can result in showed respiration, lowered pulse and blood pressure and increase in alpha brain activity and possibly even reduction in the bodys inflammatory response (www.mentalhealthwiki.org,2010.June 13) George and Lalitha (2006) stated that skill of relaxing using Jacobsons progressive muscle relaxation procedure is probably the easiest method to teach the client to use, sufficient instructions and practice proficiency can be acquired by any one. The focus on physical tension and relaxation gives excellent proper reception feedback and helps to focus the attention. Deborah Brause r(2010) conducted a small, phase pilot study on effectiveness of Methlylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), also known as ecstasy, added to psychotherapy in reduction of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients who are resistant to other treatments. The study demonstrates that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy with close follow-up monitoring and support can be used with acceptable and short-lived side effects in a carefully screened group of subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant PTSD. They quoted that MDMA was found to be effective ,even though have a long way to go and dont have any clinical conclusions yet. Nursing care of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder becomes very difficult if the patient shows an extremely apprehensive response to the particular care procedure or treatment. So the nurse has to communicate with the patient in a clear and concise manner. Assume a consistent, non-judgmental, honest, and a positive attitude while providing nursing ca re to establish sense of trust and security and remove guilt in patients mind. (wwwmedicinetips.com,2011,Jan 06) The nurses efforts for post trauma patients are directed to life supporting interventions and to the inclusion of approaches aimed at the reduction of additional stressors like sleep deprivation. Nurses are in a unique position to assist individuals in identifying adaptive coping strategies. By this, patient will develop a sense of control with an increase in self esteem as the practices are incorporated into daily activities. Specific stress reducing activities include relaxation training, cognitive appraisal, music therapy, exercise, decision control, massage and humour. So the knowledge of stress and coping theories, provides the nurse with useful concept that are applicable to all phases of nursing process (Luckmann). Keegan (2003) stated that successful use of alternative and complementary therapies provided by nurse will help to decrease stress for critical ca re patients. The therapies included are aromatherapy, hydrotherapy, humour, music massage, imagery, relaxation therapy. Hence the investigator felt the need to perform experimental study to assess effectiveness of psycho education and progressive muscle relaxation training in reducing Post traumatic stress disorder. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM A quasi experimental study to assess the effectiveness of selected nursing interventions in reducing the level of post traumatic stress disorder among patients met with motor vehicle accidents admitted in Madurai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology Hospitals, Madurai. OBJECTIVES To assess the level of post traumatic stress disorder before and after selected nursing intervention in the experimental group. To assess the level of post traumatic stress disorder before and after routine treatment in the control group. To compare the level of post traumatic stress disorder between the experimental and control group after the nursing interventions. To assess the effectiveness of selected nursing interventions in reducing the level of post traumatic stress disorder. To determine the association between the level of post traumatic stress is experimental group with selected variables (age, educational status, marital status, marital status, occupational status, nature of accident, loss of body part and loss of family member during accident). HYPHOTHESIS All hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance H1 The mean post test level of post traumatic stress disorder in experimental group will be significantly lower than mean post test level of PTSD in control group H2 The mean post test level post traumatic stress disorder in the experimental group will be lower than mean pretest level of post traumatic stress disorder after selected nursing interventions. H3 There will be significant association between experimental group post test level of post traumatic stress disorder and with selected variables (age, educational status, marital status, nature of accident, loss of family member and loss of body part). OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Effectiveness : It is the most outcome of selected nursing intervention in producing reduction of post traumatic stress disorder in patients net with motor vehicle accident. It will be measured by the score obtained by the subjects in the PTSD Checklist Civilian version (PCL-C) Scale. Post traumatic stress disorder à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It is an anxietic disorder that may develop with the patient after threatened death, assault, serious injury, motor vehicle accidents as meant to physical integrity of oneself or others, numbing of emotional response or hyper arousal. Hereafter it will be termed as PTSD. In this study, subjects who met with motor vehicle accidents were selected based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM)IV Criteria for PTSD. Selected nursing interventions: They are actions undertaken by a nurse to further the course of treatment for a patient In this study following interventions are taken to reduce post traumatic stress disorder. P sycho education : Education of subjects with psychological disturbance, regarding, common reaction have been found among those exposed to trauma and coping strategies, reestablish routines, avoidance of intrusive thoughts and relaxation techniques. It was provided for 20 minutes. Progressive muscle relaxation training- It refers to programme of relaxation with eyes closed, the muscles are tensed (10 seconds) are relaxed (20 seconds) in sequence and progressive pattern. This was provided for 30 minutes. Patients met with accidents- It refers to conscious patients admitted after motor vehicle accident with minimum hospital duration of 14 days,admitted in selected hospital during data collection period. ASSUMPTIONS Patients who have met with motor vehicle accidents will experience post traumatic stress disorder symptoms Progressive muscle relaxation training will have no adverse effects on patients who are practicing it. Patients who have received progressive muscle relaxation will not have difficulty in practicing it. Hospitalized patients will suffer from some sorte of stress. DELIMITATIONS The following delimitations were set for the study: Patients who have met with accidents with in a duration of one month, admitted in Madurai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Madurai. Patients with high level of post traumatic stress disorder during the period of data collection Data collection period is limited to six weeks. Progressive muscle relaxation training was administered for 30 minutes and psycho education for 20 minutes for 14 days. PROJECTED OUTCOME Research study findings will be very useful to the nursing practice because nurses can teach these simple intervention to their patients to reduce post traumatic stress disorder. Psycho education will enhance acceptance of symptoms and reduce level of post traumatic stress disorder among patients met with motor vehicle accidents. Progressive muscle relaxation will reduce the level of post traumatic stress disorder among patients met with motor vehicle accidents. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The conceptual framework of this study was based on Sister Callista Roys Adaptation Model (1934), which involves four concepts-person,environment,nurses and health. The adaptive system has four components-Input (stimuli which may come from the environment) which can be focal (immediately confronting) contexual (all other stimuli that are present) or residual (non specific such as cultural beliefs):Throughput (which includes processes that a person uses as an adaptive system and effectors as physiologic function, self concept and role function) and Output ( positive or negative outcome of the adaptive system-persons behavior).. In this study,persons were patients with post traumatic stress disorder, reduction in the level of severity of post traumatic stress as the goal of nursing, health is considered an adaptation to post traumatic stress disorder and environment was defined as all the conditions affecting the development and behavior of person.Selected nursing interventions(ps ycho education and progressive muscle relaxation training) were considered to be regulator coping mecahanism.Factors in the environment that affect were categorized as focal,contextual and residual stimuli.In this study focal stimuli was refered to the physiological(heart pounding,trouble breathing,sweating,sleep disturbance,irritability) and psychological(memories.hyperarousal,numbing,poor concentration);contextual stimuli were age, sex, educational status, occupational status, marital status, loss of body part, loss of family member.Selected nursing interventions(psycho education and progressive muscle relaxation training) were considered to be regulator coping mecahanism.Output is the absence or reduction in the level of post traumatic stress disorder(Adaptive response) in both groups or no reduction in level of post traumatic stress disorder (ineffective response) is both groups which need to be given feedback by re-assessment process. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE According to Polit and Hungler(1999) researchers often undertake a literature review to familiarize themselves with that knowledge base. The term literature review refers to the activities involved in identifying and searching for the information on a topic and developing an understanding of the state of knowledge on that topic. Related literature was reviewed in depth, so as to broaden the understanding of the selected problem. The idea was to develop a deeper insight into the problem area and to identify the level of post traumatic stress disorder among patients met with motor vehicle accidents and to evaluate effectiveness of psycho education and Progressive muscle relaxation training to reduce post traumatic stress disorder. The review of literature is organized under following headings: Studies related to post traumatic stress disorder Effects of psycho education on post traumatic stress disorder Effects of progressive muscle relaxation training on post traumati c stress disorder Studies related to post traumatic stress disorder Andresen (2010) investigated on post traumatic stress disorder: a history and a critique. The study explained that the history of PTSD has often been linked to the history of war, but the disorder has been frequently described in civilian settings involving natural disasters, mass catastrophes and serious accidental injuries. The diagnosis first appeared in the official nomenclature when Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM I) was published in 1957 under the name gross stress reaction. When DSM III was developed in the mid 1980s the recent occurrence of the Vietnam war provoked a more thorough examination of the disorder. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder was defined as a stress disorder that is a final common pathway occurring as a consequence of many different types of stress including both combat and civilian stress. Barayani et al;(2010) has conducted a study to assess the relationship between post traumatic stress disorder, quality of life, social support and affective and dissociative status in severely injured trauma victims. The study was carried out in 52 severely injured accident victims 12 months after trauma. Respondents were given a questionnaire and structured clinical interviews. One fourth of respondents met all criteria for post traumatic stress disorder and another 21.2% had sub syndromal Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Patients with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder showed higher severity of dissociative and depressive symptoms and major impairments in some dimensions of quality of life. Severely injured accidents victims seem to face a major risk of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and impairments in health related quality of life. Frommberger et al;(2008) had conducted a prospective study on prediction of post traumatic stress disorder by immediate reactions to trauma among 179 unselected consecutively admitted road traffic victims were assessed a few days after the accident for psychiatric diagnoses and psycho patholog y. At 6 months follow up assessment, 152(85%) of patients were interviewed again of the patients, 18.4% fulfilled the criteria for post traumatic stress disorder (DSM III R) within 6 months after the accident. Patients with PTSD were injured more severely, stayed significantly longer in the hospital than other patients.A regression analysis revealed that the length of hospitalization was mainly due to diversity of factors such as severity of injury, severity of accidents and premorbid personality. Chen, Liu and Zheng (2006) conducted a study on Post Traumatic stress Disorder after road traffic accidents in forensic medicine. 156 victims of road traffic accidents were recruited, who applied to court for cost order. The victims were examined for psychiatric diagnosis by psychiatrists and for rank of impairment by experts in forensic clinical medicine. 51.92% fulfilled criteria for PTSD (ICD 10). Morbidity difference in male and female were significant . The scores in World Health O rganization Quality of life were higher in PTSD group than in non PTSD group. Acquirement of awarded costs could obviously prevent Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and higher incidence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder existed in road traffic accidents victims who applied to court for costs order. Watts (2006) had assessed the prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder caused by surviving serious road accidents, 29 people were selected. Their high vulnerability was clearly established 41% had PTSD and 52% with severe intrusion or avoidance phenomena, which included 31% who had both the occurrence of psychological sequelae was not associated with being currently distressed by another event, not with age, gender or acquaintance with people killed in the accident. Stretch et al;(2006) had assessed the prevalence of risk for development of post traumatic stress disorder symptoms among active duty and reserve veterans from Pennsylvania and Hawaii who either deployed (N-1,524) or d id not deploy (N-2727) to the Persian Gulf as a result of Operational Desert Storm. All participants anonymously completed a survey questionnaire but included the impact of event scale and brief symptom inventory. Results indicate the likelihood of post traumatic stress disorder symptoms in appropriately 8.0% of active duty verterans and 9.3% of reserve veterans who deployed to the Persian Gulf. Cairo et al; (2010) had investigated the prevalence of post traumatic disorder among adult earthquake survivors in Peru(magnitude 80). The cross-sectional study was conducted using demographic questions, PTSD checklists and a translated version of Harward Trauma Questionnaire.298 adult earthquake survivors were interviewed and detected 75 cases of PTSD (Prevalence 25.52%;95% confidence interval,20.2%-30.1%).In the bivarial analysis,PTSD was significantly associated with female sex, loss of relative, food and water shortages joblessness,lack of clean drinking water or appropriate sleeping conditions. Thavichachart et al;(2009) conducted a cross-sectional community survey on Post traumatic stress disorder prevalence among Tsunami survivors in Thailand.3,133 samples had been conducted in two phases from the same sampling group. The first phase was concerned with prevalence of PTSD, depression and related factors. The second phase included 2,573 samples from first phase and focused on Post traumatic stress disorder and other mental disorders. The 3,133 samples used in the first phase showed that 33.6% suffered from Post traumatic stress disorder, 14 .27% with depression and 11.27% suffered from both. Elkit and Christiansen (2010) had investigated the prediction of post traumatic stress disorder through the presence of acute stress disorder in a population of 148 female rape victims who visited a center shortly after the rape or attempted rape regardless of whether cases were classified according to full Post traumatic stress disorder status or accessing to meeting the criteria for the three Post traumatic stress disorder core symptoms clusters, the classification was correct in approximately two thirds of cases. A regression analysis based on Acute Stress Disorder severity and sexual problems following the rape accounted for 48% of post traumatic stress disorder severity variance. Susan et al;(2009) had done study on analysis of symptoms presentation and sampling for post traumatic stress after childbirth. 1423 women after birth were selected via the community (n=502) or internet (n=921). Demographic, obstetric and trauma history variables were also measured.Full post traumatic stress disorder diagnostic criteria were endorsed by 2.5% of women from the community and 21% of women on the internet. Factor analysis found two post traumatic stress disorder symptom clusters of re experiencing and avoidance and numbing and arousal 60% of post traumatic stress disorder cases were correctly identified by parity, delivery type and the interaction b etween sexual trauma and delivery type. Dao et al;(2010) performed a retrospective survey to assess the effect of clinical depression, post traumatic stress disorder as risk factors for in hospital mortality after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting surgery. Nationwide inpatient sample database providing information on 8 million US inpatient stays from about 1000 hospitals. Patients were more likely to have had depression (alive, 24.8% deceased,60.3%, P0.0001) post traumatic stress disorder (alive 13.4%; deceased 56.1%, P0.001) and comorbid depression and post traumatic stress disorder (alive 7.8%, deceased 48.5%, P 0.001) Two findings were note worthy. First,depression,post traumatic stress disorder are prevalent is patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting procedures. Second, depression and post traumatic stress disorder increase the risk of death by magnitudes comparable with well established physical health risk factors after CABG. Schelling (2008) stated that Post t raumatic stress disorder has been described in patients after multiple trauma,burns or myocardial infarction, ARDS or septic shock.Studies in long term survivors of ICU treatment demonstrated clear and vivid recall of different categories of traumatic memory.A high number of these traumatic memories from the ICU has been shown to be a significant risk factor for the later development of Post traumatic stress disorder is long term survivors. II STUDIES AND LITERATURE RELATED TO THE EFFECTS OF PSYCHO EDUCATION ON POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Bethany (2007) stated that psycho education about the persistent effects of trauma help survivors to better understand their stress responses and knowledge of coping strategies which provides a sense of control over these responses. Trauma education for providers can minimizes negative counter transference and prevent vicarious traumatization. Advanced practice nurses may provide psychological and behavioural disturbances related to severe and persistent abuse or trauma, especially early in life. It provides a cognitive framework for their experience and helps minimize adverse responses. For persons with persistant symptomatology, education about physiological basis for psychological phenomena such as mood instability, flash backs, memory problems and depression allows them to see these symptoms and not as personal failings. Psycho education also need to address immediate needs for safety and self care. Oflaz, Halipoglu and Aydin (2006) conducted a quasi experimental study to ex amine the effectiveness of psycho education intervention on post traumatic stress disorder and coping styles of trauma survivors. 51 survivors of motor vehicle accidents who met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Comparison groups were made up as psycho education only and medication only. Six semi structured psycho education session were conducted. Clinician Administered PTSD scale, Hamilton depression scale and coping strategies scale were used for me measurements. The result showed, that there was significant difference between à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"psycho education only group and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"medication only group. Avoidance as a copying strategy had significant positive correlations with Post traumatic stress disorder. Kim et al; (2005) conducted randomized controlled trial at University of California Medical Center, USA to evaluate the effectiveness of psycho educational programme in reducing post traumatic stress disorder among patients following motor vehicle accidents. The study wa s done in seven out patients with post traumatic stress disorder. Following randomization, into psycho education group, patients completed the Clinician Assisted PTSD scale prior to and at the completion of intervention.The scores increased significantly is psycho education group (21%) when compared to standard care group 0.5% thus the results curtained up that there was significant difference between psycho education group and standard care group of patients. Pratt et al; 2005 conducted study for the evaluation of PTSD psycho educational program for trauma patients. 70 inpatient participants who met criteria for Post traumatic stress disorder attended three sessions of psycho educational programme using group format of video and discussion. The participants completed a knowledge of Post traumatic stress disorder questionnaire before and after the education programme. Participants, demonstrated significant increase in knowledge about trauma and Post traumatic stress disorder and reported high levels of satisfaction with the program. Findings supported the use of this intervention as a first step in increasing knowledge about Post traumatic stress disorder and stimulating motivation to seek future treatment. According to Gromisch (2010) treatment for Post traumatic stress disorder may include psycho therapy,medication or a combination of the two treatments. Another types of treatment that can be done along with psycho therapy is psycho education and trauma victims can often receive more information about their particular type of trauma through psycho education.Psycho education explores psychological responses to trauma, future symptoms. It needs to be individualized for that trauma victim. While information as the commonness of interpersonal violence may reduce the clients sense of being the only one who has be victimized, it may also reinforce the clients over estimation of the amount of danger in the interpersonal environment leading to increased fear a nd avoidance of others. Wessley et al;(2008) noted that psycho education covers the provision of information can occur following trauma exposure immediately which covers the provision of information about nature of stress, post traumatic and other symptoms and what to do about them. The aim of providing psycho education was to ameliorate the effects of exposure to extreme situations. Krupnick and Green (2008) quoted that psycho education for Post traumatic stress disorder is explaining to individuals or groups what common reactions have been found among those who have been exposed to traumatic stress. It includes a delineation of the symptoms of Post traumatic stress disorder, description of common reactions that occur, in addition to symptoms it might include indications of when to seek professional help. Hoslbuk (2004) conducted a study to explore the use of psycho education in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder with military personnel.80 military personnel w ere selected who met the criteria for Post traumatic stress disorder as per DSM IV. Results from exploring the meaning and understanding of psycho education. The effectiveness in the treatment of Post traumatic stress disorder revealed subjective results due to time frame and situation of use with the treatment technique. Douglas and Yeomans (2008) conducted a study to examine the effect of psycho education on the nature and severity of traumatic stress symptoms in a Burundian sample.They used an experimental design to examine the influence of PTSD psycho education. Participants were randomized to three condition : A reconciliation workshop with psycho education, without psycho education and a waitlist control. Results showed that participants in the psycho education condition experienced a reduction of Post traumatic stress disorder symptoms and relative to other conditions. There was no differential effect by condition on more general symptoms of anxiety, depression and somatiz ation symptoms. Secondary hypothesis predicting relationships at baseline between prior to exposure to trauma models developed in industrial societies and nature of severity of Post traumatic stress disorder symptoms were not supported. Gould, Greenberg and Hetherton(2007) conducted a study for the evaluation of PTSD psycho educational programme : stigma and military psycho educational management strategy based on peer group risk assessment developed by UK Royal Navy was used. Psycho education seeks to modify attitudes about Post traumatic stress disorder, and help seeking and trains military personnel to identify at risk individuals and refer them for early intervention. The quasi experimental study found that psycho education significantly improved attitudes about Post traumatic stress disorder, stress and copying. Blanchard et al; (2007) conducted randomized controlled trial comparing cognitive behavioural therapy with psychotherapy and waitlist control condition. 78 trauma survivors who were atleast 6 months past their motor vehicle accident completed treatment.Of this sample 81%(n=63) met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Individuals receiving cognitive behavioural therapy including (muscle relaxation, exposure therapy, psycho education,desentization) showed significantly greater reduction than those in the waist list condition of those with diagnosable criteria at post treatment, compared to 48% of those treated by- supportive therapy and 24% of individuals in the waist list condition. III.STUDIES RELATED TO EFFECT OF PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION THERAPY ON POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: Emery et al;(2006) conducted a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation training on post, traumatic stress after motor vehicle accident. In the study 55 trauma survivors were selected who met PTSD diagnostic criteria. Participants were then randomly assigned to 25 minutes progressive muscle relaxation condition.Following the brief intervention, participants completed self report questionnaire. Result indicated a significant time, with participants in the progressive muscle relaxation condition experiencing a significant decrease in post traumatic stress while participants is the no à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"treatment condition experienced no change is post traumatic stress disorder. Result supported the efficacy of progressive muscle relaxation in reducing post traumatic stress disorder and provide further evidence of the utility of behavioural stress management strategies. Blythe and Erdahl (2006) in a single case study found the effectiv eness of progressive muscle relaxation intervention in reducing post traumatic stress disorder. Brown, Sterling and Hanley (2006) conducted randomised controlled trial of progressive muscle relaxation training is management of post traumatic stress disorder. Training in relaxation technique was provided to 69 patients among earthquake survivors for a period of six weeks. Level of post traumatic stress was measured by detailed assessment of Post traumatic stress disorder. Results showed that there was significant reduction in post traumatic stress symptoms (p=0.001) Hayes (2007) conducted a comparative study in Sydney to compare the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation and guided imagery on post traumatic stress and quality of life. In this study 56 people following a natural calamity who were experiencing anxiety and post traumatic stress disorder symptoms, were to one of four treatment conditions:(i)Progressive muscle relaxation training,(ii)Guided imagery training( iii)Both of these treatments (iv)Control groups. Subjects were tested before and after learning muscle relaxation and guided imagery techniques for anxiety, post traumatic stress and quality of life using the hospital Anxiety and Depression scale and Brief Interview for Post traumatic Disorder (BIPD). There was no significant improvement for anxiety, however significant positive changes occurred for post traumatic stress disorder and quality of life in the third group. Fecteau and Nicki (2008) reported the first controlled treatment trial with motor vehicle accident survivors diagnosed with Post traumatic stress disorder. Treatment included three individual cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) sessions involving psycho education, progressive muscle relaxation and cognitive interventions, individuals who received treatment showed significant improvement on clinician and self reported Post traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Four of 10 individuals who received CBT were free of Post traumatic stress disorder diagnoses after treatment. Thus even with relative short individual format treatment of six weeks CBT appeared effective for reducing the symptoms of motor vehicle accident related Post traumatic stress disorder. Blanchard, et al (2008) completed randomized controlled trial comparing cognitive behavioural therapy with supportive psychotherapy, both concluded in an individual treatment format and a wait list control condition. 78 survivors who were at least 6 months past their motor vehicle accident completed treatment. Of thin sample 81% (n=63) met diagnostic criteria for PTSD and the remainder had severely symptomatic subsyndromal forms of the disorder. CBT included 12 sessions of muscle relaxation, training, exposure therapy, psycho education, cognitive restructuring and desensitisation. Individuals received cognitive behavioural therapy showed significantly greater reduction in clinician rated Post traumatic stress disorder severity relative to those in the supportive psychotherapy condition than those in waitlist control condition. Hinkling, Sison and Vanderploeg (2009) investigated the use of bio-feed back and relaxation training as a treatment of post traumatic stress disorder. Subjects received between 8 and 14 sessions of training overall as well as concurrent individual and group therapy. Measures used to assess treatment outcome include pre and post Multidimensional Health Focus of Control scores as well as electromyographic and subjective measures of tension with each session. Additionally an overall post treatment clinical rating of change and 1-2 years follow up data were obtained for each subject. Improvements were demonstrated for each subject, an evidenced by a decrease is overall Multidimensional Health Focus Control scores, lowered EMG and subjective tension rating for all participants. Results suggest that use of relaxation training and biofeedback was a particularly useful component within a comprehensive tre atment program for Post traumatic stress disorder. Parendeh et al;(2010) had conducted a clinical trial quasi experimental study to evaluate the effect of progressive muscle relaxation training on quality of life among Post traumatic stress disorder veterans wives.28 war veterans wives in Tehran city were selected and divided into interventional and control groups randomly. Educational program was performed for intervention group at 3 sessions, each lasted 2 hours during a week. The quality of life in both groups was determined before 6 weeks and 12 weeks after training, by SF36 questionnaire. The results revealed significant difference between quality of life mean score before and after in intervention group (P0.001),and showed promoting their life quality.

How Youths Are Deemed As The Perpetrators Of Today s...

When the words ‘youth’ and ‘young people’ come up there are different connotations that come along with it, some people may feel very positive towards the youth of today. However, some people feel the complete opposite and have negative views altogether. In some cases, people believe they have Ephebiphobia which is a fear of young people, with 1.5 million Britons considering to move houses last year and about 1.7 million people not going out after dark to avoid youngsters (Lewis, 2016). Researchers are fearing that the public are alienating the youth and â€Å"A rise in social Paedophobia will simply make matters worse† Nick Pierce the IPPR (Institute for Public Policy Research). In this essay I will be discussing how youths are deemed as the perpetrators in today’s society and how this theory came about. Furthermore, discussing how young people are also vulnerable to being victims as well, but are also under-protected. 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Impact of setting on EAPs House of Usher Essay Example For Students

Impact of setting on EAPs House of Usher Essay In the story Fall of the House of Usher, Edgar Allen Poes use of setting is very important. The story is about a guy, the narrator who goes to visit his old childhood friend as he and his sister are dying. Roderick Usher, the friend, and his twin sister Madeline are the last remaining members of the Usher, who maintained a very tight family line. The problem is that the two remaining members of the Usher family are dying, this is why the narrator, who is not given a name goes to visit the family. As the narrator arrives on the seen of the House of Usher, he makes many observations as to the exterior of the house. One of the first observations was of the melancholy House of Usher, melancholy meaning a depressive or pensive mood. This basically says that the house looked very dark and gloomy from the outside. The presence of depressive characteristics of the house and yard also exsist. The simple landscape features of the domain-upon the bleak walls-upon the vacant, eye-like windows-upon a few rank sedges-and upon as few white trunks of decayed trees-with an utter depression of soul which I can compare to no earthly sensation more properly than to the after-dream of the reveler upon opium. As the above quotation suggests, the utter appearance of the house is so depressing that it cannot be compared to anything else ever seen. The only possible comparison is the hallucinations associated with the use of Opium. In many ways, the appearance of the House of Usher reveals many characteristics about its tenants. The walls of the House of Usher reminded me of the spacious totality of old wood-work which has rotted for long years in some neglected vault, with no disturbance from the breadth of the external air. What the narrator was trying to establish was the idea that if the walls had touched air, after they had not for many years, they would crack, and could be metaphorically referred to as dead. This is much alike the fact that its proprietors, Madeline and Roderick who had not left the house for many years. In Conclusion, I think that Edgar Allen Poes use of setting in this short story was impeccable. He not only helped the reader to imagine the appearance of the topography of the landscape, but also used the setting to help the reader to look into the soul of the characters.

Where Is A Marriage, There Is A Divorce Essays - Divorce, Family Law

Where Is A Marriage, There Is A Divorce Review of Literature Introduction At present there are rising divorce rates everywhere in the developed world. It is accepted in most societies that where there is a marriage, there is a divorce. Our society has a confused attitude towards divorce: accepting it as inevitable but at the same time, hankering after the religious ideal of till death due us part. Even still, the divorce rate continues to climb. Statistics show that, In the United States, one out of every two marriages ends in divorce and in Canada, one in our. These climbing rates are alarming. It suggests a divorce epidemic in society today. This epidemic brings upon new economic problems such as the increasing number of single, divorced mothers on social assistance. But the real concern should be focused on the children involved. Research has looked into the effects divorce has on child and it has been statically proven that a failed marriage brings upon a noticeable affect on the child involved. Emotional State of the child For many children, the news that their parents are splitting up comes as a complete surprise. Many parents fail to explain to their children what is happening either because they are too upset and the less said, the better. However, when they do find out, the outcome will vary with the age and sex of the child. Very young children, under the age of three, often dont understand what is going on. Those bit older often feel they are to blame, and are afraid of losing the other parent. They cling to their parent, have nightmares, and need endless reassurance. Younger children tend to fantasize a great deal about their parents getting back together whereas for older children, it is a different perspective. Preadolescent youngster fail to see divorce as a logical solution and feel that their parents should stay together. For adolescents, divorce may be seen as a relief in some instances, however there is pain. Research indicates, and experts agree that divorce is a very painful tra nsition in the lives of all the members involved. The emotional impact, however, will depend on the nature of the child. Behaviour Trends Divorce brings on behaviour changes in children of all ages. Again, they vary from child to child. Adolescent males often become more aggressive and destructive. Females, however, initially take things fairly well, assuming a lot of family responsibility. But in young adulthood, they develop problems. This is known as the sleeper effect. The behaviour of the child of a divorced family is mainly developed by the single parent whom they live with Studies show that many boys in single parent families lose their fathers before age five show greater identification with females in the preschool and elementary school years. In nearly all cases of divorce, one parent is forced to relocate. This can be a devastating experience for the child. Leaving behind friends and making new ones is difficult to do especially having to cope with your parents divorce on the side. One is most likely to feel isolated and lonely. Though, behaviour may vary, every child will typically have certain psychological reactions to divorce: sadness, or depression, denial, embarrassment, anger, guilt concern about being cared for, regression, maturity and physical symptoms. Acceptance As the child grows older, they will come to terms with the fact that divorce is an adult decision over which they have no control. The fantasies that young children have, begin to slowly fade as time goes by. It isnt until he [the child] reaches early adulthood that the fantasies completely disappear. But this does not mean necessarily meant that he will approve even like his [new] stepfather. In nearly all cases, acceptance never happens overnight. It is a slow and steady process. Successful acceptance of a divorce requires rational and caring communication form both the biological parents. Patience and consideration for a child dealing with their parents divorce are foundati onal components to aide the child to full acceptance and recovery. Sociology Issues

Free Essays on The Pschoanylisis Of Holden Caulfield

The Psychoanalysis of Holden Caulfield My name is John Johnson and I am Holden Caulfield’s psychoanalyst. I have a PhD from Stanford University and have been working with teenagers for ten years. However, Holden Caulfield has been different then any other patient I have ever had. Even though Holden and I have had a pretty good relationship it still has taken more than a year for me to get him to open up and tell me anything about his life. Just recently I was able to convince him to do a little free association with me. Once he did open up through the free association activity I found out some interesting things. I think that the Id dominates the ego with Holden. He does things without really contemplating what the consequences will be. For example he doesn’t apply himself in school because he does not think he needs school. If his ego could contain his id then he would realize that if he ever wants to do anything with his life then he needs to get through school. He also acts impulsively around women like when he is on the train with Mrs. Morrow, the mother of one of his classmates, he begins to act strangely, he said, â€Å"’Would you care for a cocktail?’ I asked her. I was feeling in the mood for one myself. ‘We can go in the club car. All right?’†(57). He tries to pick up a lady who is almost thirty years older than him and if he had thought about it logically before he attempted to pick her up he would have realized that it was not going to happen. Another example is when he gets really drunk and calls Sally late at night. Even thoug h he is drunk he is still acting on impulses. He said, â€Å"I had to dial about twenty numbers before I got the right one. Boy, I was blind†(150). If he’s so drunk then he knows he should not be calling Sally or anybody, but he still does because his ego cannot separate the urges from the id and the expectations from the superego. Those are a few of the main r... Free Essays on The Pschoanylisis Of Holden Caulfield Free Essays on The Pschoanylisis Of Holden Caulfield The Psychoanalysis of Holden Caulfield My name is John Johnson and I am Holden Caulfield’s psychoanalyst. I have a PhD from Stanford University and have been working with teenagers for ten years. However, Holden Caulfield has been different then any other patient I have ever had. Even though Holden and I have had a pretty good relationship it still has taken more than a year for me to get him to open up and tell me anything about his life. Just recently I was able to convince him to do a little free association with me. Once he did open up through the free association activity I found out some interesting things. I think that the Id dominates the ego with Holden. He does things without really contemplating what the consequences will be. For example he doesn’t apply himself in school because he does not think he needs school. If his ego could contain his id then he would realize that if he ever wants to do anything with his life then he needs to get through school. He also acts impulsively around women like when he is on the train with Mrs. Morrow, the mother of one of his classmates, he begins to act strangely, he said, â€Å"’Would you care for a cocktail?’ I asked her. I was feeling in the mood for one myself. ‘We can go in the club car. All right?’†(57). He tries to pick up a lady who is almost thirty years older than him and if he had thought about it logically before he attempted to pick her up he would have realized that it was not going to happen. Another example is when he gets really drunk and calls Sally late at night. Even thoug h he is drunk he is still acting on impulses. He said, â€Å"I had to dial about twenty numbers before I got the right one. Boy, I was blind†(150). If he’s so drunk then he knows he should not be calling Sally or anybody, but he still does because his ego cannot separate the urges from the id and the expectations from the superego. Those are a few of the main r...

ISDS part2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

ISDS part2 - Assignment Example Different market segments have different needs. A good business model identifies its relevant target market in order to serve the needs of homogenous people. Alibaba.com possesses number of customers belonging to middle class and upper-middle class. It deals in consumers electronic products, which are ordered online by its customers. It defines the way in which the company generates revenues. It can be measured in terms of sales, support, subscription, etc. The primary source through which Alibaba.com generates revenue is through online trading. It is a B2C website and therefore sells directly to its customers. Ecommerce market has already reached its saturation point. An e-commerce site needs to provide its customers exquisite and exceptional services so they remain loyal to the site. In e-commerce, there is a huge concern of trust so when a customer performs transaction with a site then on the basis of its customer service, he decides whether to make repeat transactions in future or not. Alibaba.com provides exceptional services to its customers, both in terms of quality and price. This is the reason that it possesses number of loyal customers. The more an e-commerce site invests in digital channels, the more it gets close to its target market. Alibaba.com is a multichannel website and therefore possesses a good reputation in eyes of its customers. By providing options such as free sign up, no registration processes, facility of tracking order, Alibaba.com ensures that customers feel safe throughout the process of making purchases from the company. It ensures that the best quality services are provided exactly on the specified time. Moreover, it does not impose any hidden charges upon customers’ orders, which enhances customers’ trust in the company. Alibaba.com ensures that all the potential and latent demands of customers are satisfied just by navigating the

Multicultueral issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multicultueral issues - Essay Example Why? What did you learn about yourself from the assessment on p. 228+ of the text – Four Building Blocks of Diversity-Conscious Leadership? The results of the self-assessment test revealed that I am culturally intelligent as most responses indicate one’s understanding of meeting people from diverse cultural backgrounds. There is therefore strengths in the areas of understanding diversity in culture from the experiences in previous travels in different countries. I met many people while studying in the USA. Among my friends are people with Eastern Europe, Asian, Hispanic backgrounds. I understand that different cultures have different ways of doing things or saying something, and I respect this. I am therefore satisfied with generating a high ranking for my CQ since it is an indicator of greater understanding, awareness, and skills in communicating, both verbally and non-verbally, with people from various cultural backgrounds. Finally, I learned that the four building blocks of diversity-consciousness leadership are understanding, awareness, skills, and commitment; where I have strengths in all three: understandin g, awareness and skills and would need to develop the building block on commitment ensure being a more diversity-conscious leader. In Chapter 1, my knowledge on the topic of diversity was significantly enhanced as it discussed topics that range from diversity, culture, diversity consciousness, and presented a number of different reactions to our changing cultural landscape. As such, my appreciation for different perspectives, preferences, and points of views of people from diverse walks of life was strengthened. I learned to deepen my consciousness in terms of disputing identified myths in diversity and in ways to assimilate in a new culture to prevent conflicts and to enhance communication and interpersonal relationships. 4. Based on what you

Organizing Function of Management Essay Example for Free

Organizing Function of Management Essay The purpose of this paper will be to evaluate the organizing function of management. The organizing function of management develops internal organizational structure. A key role of the organizing function is to address how people interact in various business environments. Management uses organizing activities to allocate resources, define responsibility, establish expectations, and group employees. â€Å"At high-tech firms such as Google that rely on employee skills, knowledge, and creativity to remain competitive, the importance of people is evident as well† (Bate Snell, 1, 2009). Human Resources Management at Google Human resources management is a formal system used to manage people in a business environment (Bate Snell, 2009). Human capital is a source of competitive advantage that is irreplaceable. According to Bate Snell, â€Å"human resource planning occurs in three stages: planning, programming, and evaluating† (2009). Perfecting the art of human resources management can provide strategic value to organizational performance. The Google Company has secured its place as one of the world’s leading employers. Goggles strategy for effective human resources management is providing employees with unparalleled benefits, perks, and opportunities. Lazlo Bock, Google’s vice president of people operations states freedom, curiosity and highly trained employees has forged Google’s success (HR Focus, 2008). Planning requires Google to forecast future job trends based market fluctuations and company growth. In 2005, Google was hiring about â€Å"10 people a day, adding to a workforce of more than 5,000† (Lohr, 2005). Currently, Google employs approximately 20, 000 people with various backgrounds and skills. Closely monitoring economic trends and labor supply forecast allows the company to manage all available resources. The following rules of engagement with employees, outline by Lazlo Bock, have contributed to Goggles effective human resources management. * Hire learners. They are inquisitive, and when they fail, they will ask how they can do better. * Give people the tools and resources to succeed; then let them. * Work on small projects in small teams. * Keep structures flat. Especially as the company gets big, information needs to flow up. * Discuss everything you can publicly. * Give performance-driven raises. This is helpful in controlling turnover and enhancing retention. * Reward success, dont penalize failure. If you dont fail, youre not doing your job well. Quarterly goals are set and performance evaluations are based on these; the company aims for a 70% success rate. Technology at Google Google was founded on the principle of â€Å"organizing the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful† (Google, 2009). The company original began as a search engine provider. The company quickly expanded products and services to include software, e-mail service, advertising platforms, desktop products, mobile devices, and mapping tools. Google’s list of services and products are too extensive and increasingly expanding. Google’s success can be attribute to the company’s’ expansion of technological services. Google recent advancement has been the development of a new operating system, Chrome, designed to rival its biggest competitors. â€Å"Unlike Windows, Chrome OS is an open-source project like the Linux operating system thats popular with techies, which means outside software developers are welcome to work on it† (Graham, 7, 2009). The release of Chrome OS as a free open source operating system creates competition with Microsoft’s Windows. Google Assets Google’s ability to control the search engine markets has allowed the company to prosper from advertising campaigns. According to Schonfeld, â€Å"of the 137 billion estimated total searches performed in the U.S. last year, 85 billion were done on Google; nearly 90 percent of all the growth in search volume was also captured by Google (2008). Googles profits should spike as the country climbs out of recession â€Å"because the company has weeded out a lot of frivolous expenses during the recession† (Liedtke Girard, 2009). Google went public at $85 dollars a share 2004; current estimates place Google shares at $430 a share (Liedtke Girard, 2009). The statistics indicated that Google has effectively organized companies assets during difficult economic time. Conclusion  Human resources management and technology play a crucial in business success. Google has perfected work environments that keep employees happy and provides the necessary resources to remain competitive as a company. â€Å"David MacDonald, who joined Google as an account manager in October 2001, says, It wasnt groundbreaking search engines had been around for years but it had a different approach and was all about the people (Smith, 6, 2008). Google remains one of the world’s leading companies engrossed in the technological revolution. Much of the organizations success arises from Google’s ability to venture into multiple applications. Google refuses to rely on the company’s search engine capabilities to sustain growth. The ability to adapt to economic demands and competition has facilitated Google’s organizational structure.

Capital Punishment Essay - Opposition To the Death Penalty :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Opposition To the Death Penalty    During the spring semester I read Evangelium Vitae: The Gospel of Life. Paragraphs 27 and 56 of this encyclical prompted a discussion of the death penalty with other students. Their first reaction was that the Pope was against it and that he was saying that the penalty has no justification. There was general resistance to the suggestion that while the Pope's attitude toward the death penalty is, to put it mildly, unfavorable, he did not flat out say that it was immoral, wrong, without justification.    Quite apart from exegesis of the encyclical, a majority of student-friends were against the death penalty. Period. Were they in favor of life imprisonment? Absolutely. Don't put killers and the like to death, just lock them up and throw away the key. Isn't that what the Pope was saying in paragraph 56? The tide of public opinion against capital punishment rises, he writes, both in the Church and in civil society, and there is a growing demand to limit its use even to the point of total abolition. Nowadays we are able to protect society from the offender without taking his life. Lock him up and he will have lots of time to repent and redeem himself.    Our discussion accordingly turned to the question of life imprisonment. While this admittedly looks attractive when compared to the death penalty, considered in itself it is a terrible thing. However antiseptic and humane his quarters might be, the thought of a human being locked up for life gives pause. Surely only the most grievous offenses could warrant such severe punishment. Are there really any offenses that severe? In Italy, later in the spring, I became aware of a campaign against life imprisonment.    What I detected, rightly or wrongly, was an animus against punishment as such. When I gingerly introduced the subject of Hell, those who had spontaneously rejected capital punishment and then had some second thoughts about life imprisonment when looked at in itself and not as an alternative to the death penalty seemed inclined toward a creative interpretation of eternal punishment. And of course there have been eminent theologians who have wondered aloud about the doctrine of Hell. Even Jacques Maritain, late in his life had written equivocally on the subject.

An I.T. for a peography vepartment Essay

he geography department need to give out letters about a field trip to the Peak District but they need to personalise the letters to make more appealing to parents. Ms Keeley, the Geography teacher organising the trip, currently starts the letter with ‘Dear Parent’ instead of a personalised start like ‘Dear Ms Mir’ or something like that. The Improved System An improved way of doing it would be using mail merge to personalise the letter by using people’s names, addresses, job occupations, etc. I will use word processor to solve her problem. Why use IT? We use IT because you can edit and delete, be more presentable (therefore easier to read), and print multiple copies. You can also put in logos. Justification of Hardware and Software Hardware Specification Benefit of choice Home PC Intel Pentium 3 processor running at 866 MHz E. g. Mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer, etc Good value for money, easy to get hold of. Easy to get programs for it. I can use a floppy disk to transfer from home to school. Printer Laser HP 2100 6-9 prints per min as against 2-3 for an inkjet. 30 copies printed to a laser equals 5 minutes. To an inkjet it equals to 15 minutes. A cartridge on a laser is i 20 that does 600 copies. But on an inkjet it is i 60 and does 6000 copies. Therefore a printout will cost 10 times more. So, a Laser printer is good quality, cheaper and easier to run. Software Specification Benefit of choice Word processor Microsoft Word-   Mail merge – form letters, envelopes, mailing labels   Formatting- font, margins   Editing- spelling and grammar checking Choosing Word rather than Publisher or WordPad is better because:   You don’t have to draw text boxes   It will look professional   The Word lay out is perfect for a letter   Word has more accessories Database SIMS. You don’t have to transfer it to anywhere else e. g. Excell Quantitative Objectives The Geography Department want me to make personalised letters to pupils wanting to go on the trip. The letters need to:   It needs to look professional It needs to have neat presentation   It needs a logo It needs to be personalized   It needs to have the pupils name, addresses What Next? I will need to talk to Ms Keeley and find out what she needs to have on the letters. I will produce a number of solutions for her to choose which one she prefers. I will then implement the chosen solution and test it. I will finally ask her to evaluate the letter.

Religion Is A Very Diverse Centre Of Beliefs Essay

Religion is a very diverse centre of beliefs that humans have had for thousands of years. It has influenced actions and events in history on a monumental scale. Religion has created culture, countries, and most importantly, our morals. What defines religion is a spiritual belief that a group of people have. With all the good religion has created in this world, it’s like comparing 100 good deeds with their 100 bad counterparts, the good is always outweighed by evil. Religion is usually recognized with all the unnecessary death and bloodshed it has created throughout human history. One of the largest leading causes of religious influenced war is people having different beliefs than you. There’s different types of religions and then theres sub religions, humans always want to separate themselves, you can’t stop it. If everyone in the world were one race, there would still be different countries and religions, people want to be unique instead of a bunch of robots wit hout any uniqueness. If religion never existed, we would still have some culture and a way of life to an extent, but the belief that there is no greater power watching over you would make almost all humans very violent and destructive animals. We wouldn’t find any special purpose in life instead of living and dying There wouldn’t be any morals to stop people from murdering, stealing, cheating, or lying. Religion is not just the belief of a greater power, what all religions have in common are commandments that theirShow MoreRelatedThe Differences Between Diversity, Assumptions And Ethnocentrism So You Can Gain Understanding, Acceptance And Respect1529 Words   |  7 Pages The patient population is becoming increasingly diverse and nurses need to understand and learn how to deal with the diversity. All of our patients are different and will need different care. Accommodating diversity will be easier with knowledge and experience and will make a difference in how we provide that care. 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